and violent. But he, either fearing to displease the Lacedæmonians, who were jealous of him already, (being incensed by that fugitive who forsook the army at Trabizond, flying with one of their two ships,) or moved by some tokens appearing to him in the entrails, that threatened ill success to his government, procured with vehement contention that this honour was laid upon Cherisophus, a Lacedæmonian. It seems that Xenophon, considering the vexations incident to the conduct of a voluntary army, wanting pay, did wisely in yielding to such tokens as forbade him to accept it: especially, knowing so well their desire, which was, by right or by wrong, to get wealth wheresoever it might be found, without all regard of friend or of foe. Cherisophus had been general but six or seven days, when he was deposed for having been unwilling to rob the town of Heraclea, which had sent presents to the camp, and been very beneficial unto them in lending ships for their transportation. Two days they had sailed by the coast of Asia, when being past those great rivers, which would have given impediment to their journey by land, they touched at Heraclea, where consulting how to take their way onwards, whether by land or sea, one seditious man began to put them in mind of seeking to get somewhat for themselves, telling them that.. all their provision would be spent in three days, and that being now come out of the enemy's country, victuals and other necessaries could not be had without money; for which cause he gave advice to send messengers into the town of Heraclea, giving the citizens to understand what their wants were, and demanding of them three thousand pieces of money, called cyzicens, which sum amounteth to two thousand and five hundred pound sterling, or thereabout. This motion was greatly applauded, and the sum raised to ten thousand cyzicens at least; which to require, they thought Cherisophus, as being general, the fittest man; others had more desire to send Xenophon, but in vain, for they both refused it, and renounced the action as dishonest. Lest therefore either of these should fail in managing the business which agreed not with his disposition, others of more

impudency and less discretion were sent, who in such wise delivered their insolent message, that the citizens, taking time to deliberate upon their request, brought what they could out of the fields into the town, and, shutting the gates, did forthwith man the walls. When the soldiers perceived themselves to be disappointed of their ravenous purpose, they fell to mutiny, saying, that their leaders had betrayed them and being for the more part of them Arcadians and Achæans, they forsook immediately Cherisophus and Xenophon, choosing new leaders out of their own number. Above four thousand and five hundred they were, all heavily armed, who electing ten captains, sailed unto the port of Calpas, which is in the midway between Heraclea and Byzantium, with purpose to assail the Bithynians on the sudden. With Cherisophus there abode two thousand and one hundred, of whom one thousand and four hundred were armed weightily; Xenophon had two thousand foot, three hundred whereof were lightly armed, and forty horse; which small band had done good service already, and could not have been spared now. Cherisophus had agreed with Cleander, governor of Byzantium, to meet him at the mouth of the river Calpas, whither Cleander promised to bring some galleys to convey him over into Greece; for which cause he took his way thither by land, leaving to Xenophon such shipping as he had, who passing some part of the way by sea landed upon the confines of Heraclea and Thracia Asiatica, intending to make a cut through the midland country to the Propont. The mutineers, who had landed at Calpas by night with purpose to take spoils in Bithynia, divided themselves into ten companies, every captain leading his own regiment into some village five or six miles from the sea; in the greater towns were two regiments quartered; and so was that part of the country surprised on the sudden, and sacked all at one time. The place of rendezvous was an high piece of ground, where some of them arrived, finding no disturbance; others, not without much trouble and danger; two companies were broken and defeated, only eight men escaping, the rest were all put to RALEGH, VOL. III.

the sword. For the Thracians which escaped at first out of the soldiers' hands did raise the country, and finding the Greeks loaden with booty, took the advantage of their disorder, cutting in pieces those two regiments; which done, they attempted the rest, encompassing the hill whereon they encamped. One great advantage the Thracians had, that being all light armed, they could at pleasure make retreat from these Arcadians and Achæans, who wanting the assistance of horse, and having neither archers nor slingers among them, were driven to stand merely upon their defence, bearing off with great danger, and many wounds received, the darts and arrows of the Barbarians, till finally they were driven from their watering-place, and enforced to crave parley. Whatsoever the articles of composition were, the Thracians yielded to all; but pledges for assurance they would give none; without which the Greeks well knew that all promises of such people, especially so incensed, were nothing worth. In the mean time Xenophon holding his way quietly through the inland region, did inquire of some travellers, whether they knew ought of any Grecian army passing along those parts; and receiving by them true information of the desperate case into which these gallants had foolishly thrown themselves, he marched directly towards the place where they lay, taking with him for guides them who gave him the intelligence. His horsemen he sent before, to discover and to scour the ways; the light-armed footmen took the hill-tops on either hand; all of them setting fire on whatsoever they found combustible, whereby the whole country seemed to be on a light flame, to the great terror of the enemies, who thought that some huge army had approached. That night he encamped on a hill within five miles of the Arcadians, increasing still the number of his fires, which he caused hastily to be quenched soon after supper. The enemies perceiving this, thought certainly that he would have come upon them in the dark, which caused them in all haste to dislodge. Early the next morning Xenophon, coming thither in very good array to have given battle, found that his device to affright the

Thracians had taken full effect; but he marvelled that the Greeks were also departed, concerning whom he learned by inquiry, that they removed at break of day, and perceived by signs that they had taken the way to the port of Calpas, in which journey he overtook them. They embraced him and his with great joy, confessing that they themselves had thought the same which the enemies did, looking that he should have come by night, wherein finding themselves deceived, they were afraid lest he had forsaken them, and therefore hastened away to overtake him, and join with him. So they arrived at the haven of Calpas, where it was decreed, that whosoever from thenceforth made any motion to disjoin the army should suffer death.

SECT. XV.

Of divers pieces of service done by Xenophon, and how the army returned into Greece. The occasions of the war between the Lacedæmonians and the Persian.

THE haven of Calpas lay under a goodly headland, that was very strong, and abounding with all kind of grain and fruits, except olives. There was also timber for building and shipping, and a very convenient seat for a great city. All which commodities, that might have allured the soldiers to stay there, and to plant, caused them to haste away, fearing lest Xenophon should find some device to have settled himself and them in that place. For the greater part of them had good means to live at home, neither did they so much for hope of gain follow Cyrus in that war, as in regard of his honour, and the love which they bare unto him; the poorer sort were such as left their parents, wives, and children, to whom (though failing of the riches which they had hoped to purchase) they were now desirous to return. But whether it were so that Xenophon found advantage by their own superstition to make them stay, which they greatly suspected, or whether the signs appearing in the entrails did indeed forbid their departure, so long they were enforced to abide in the place till victuals failed; neither would the captains lead them forth to forage the coun

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try, until the sacrifices should promise good success. risophus was dead of an ague, and his ships were gone, being returned to the Heracleans, of whom they were borrowed. His followers were joined to the rest of the army, which the greater it was, the more provision it needed, and the sooner felt want. For which cause, he that was chosen coronel into the place of Cherisophus would needs adventure to gratify the soldiers with the spoil of some villages that stood near at hand; in which enterprise he found ill success, the whole country lying in wait to entrap him, and an army of horse being sent by Pharnabazus, the satrapa or viceroy of Phrygia, to the assistance of these Bithynian Thracians, which troops falling upon the Greeks that were scattered abroad in seeking booty slew five hundred of them, and chased the rest to a certain mountain thereby. The news of this overthrow coming to Xenophon, he led forth a part of the army to the rescue of those that survived, and brought them safe to the camp, upon which the Bithynians made an offer that night, and breaking a corps de garde, slew some, pursuing the rest to the very tents. This new courage of the enemy, together with the present condition of the army, so disheartened and unfurnished of necessaries, caused the Greeks to remove their camp to a place of more strength; which having intrenched, and committed to the defence of such as were least able to endure travail, Xenophon with the firmest and best able men went forth, both to bury those which were lately slain, and to abate the pride of the Thracians and their assistants. In this journey his demeanour was very honourable. For having given burial to the dead, the enemy was discovered lying on the tops of the hills adjoining, to whom (notwithstanding that the way was very rough and troublesome, so that some thought it a matter of too great danger to leave at their backs a wood scarce passable) he marched directly, telling his men plainly, that he had rather follow the enemy with half the number, than turn his back to them with twice as many, and letting them further know, that if they did not charge the Barbarian, he would not fail with the