Limitation

in the crea

such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever.

Section 12. Except the debts specified in the tenth of the Legis- and eleventh sections of this article, no debt shall be lative power hereafter contracted by or on behalf of this State, unless tion of debts. such debt shall be authorized by a law, for some single work or object, to be distinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt within eighteen years from the time of the contracting thereof.

No such law shall take effect until it shall, at a general election, have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it, at such election.

On the final passage of such bill in either house of the Legislature, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, to be duly entered on the journals thereof, and shall be: "shall this bill pass, and ought the same to receive the sanction of the people ?"

The Legislature may at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same; and may at any time, by law, forbid the contracting of any further debt or liability under such law; but the tax imposed by such act, in proportion to the debt and liability which may have been contracted, in pursuance of such law, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be annually collected, until the proceeds thereof shall have made the provision herein before specified to pay and discharge the interest and principal of such debt and liability.

The money arising from any loan or stock creating such debt or liability, shall be applied to the work or object specified in the act authorizing such debt or liability, or for the repayment of such debt or liability, and for no other purpose whatever.

No such law shall be submitted to be voted on, with

in three months after its passage, or at any general election, when any other law, or any bill, or any amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted to be voted for or against.

Section 13. Every law which imposes, continues or Manner of revives a tax, shall distinctly state the tax and the ob- passing bills, ject to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be imposing a sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object.

tax.

Section 14. On the final passage, in either house of Ib. the Legislature, of every act which imposes, continues or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust-money, or property, or releases, discharges, or commutes any claim or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, which shall be duly entered on the journals, and three-fifths of all the members elected to either house, shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein.

ARTICLE VIII.

created.

Section 1. Corporations may be formed under gene- Corporaral laws; but shall not be created by special act, except tions how for municipal purposes, and in cases wherein the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section, may be altered from time to time, or repealed.

Section 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured Debts of corby such individual liability of the corporators and porations. other means as may be prescribed by law.

fined.

Section 3. The term "corporations," as used in this " Corporaarticle, shall be construed to include all associations tions" deand joint-stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons.

Charters for

banking purposes.

Specie pay

ments.

Registry of bills or notes,

Individual

responsibili ty of stock

holders.

Insolvency

Section 4. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any act granting any special charter for banking purposes; but corporations or associations may be formed for such purposes under general laws.

Section 5. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments, by any person, association or corporation issuing bank notes of any description.

Section 6. The Legislature shall provide by law for the registry of all bills or notes, issued or put in circulation as money, and shall require ample security for the redemption of the same in specie.

Section 7. The stock holders in every corporation and joint-stock association for banking purposes, issuing bank notes or any kind of paper credits to circulate as money, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, shall be individually responsible to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in any such corporation or association, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind, contracted after the said first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty.

Section 8. In case of the insolvency of any bank or of banks, banking association, the bill-holders thereof shall be preference. entitled to preference in payment, over all other creditors of such bank or association.

Common

rature, and

Section 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments, and in contracting debt by such municipal corporations.

ARTICLE IX.

Section 1. The capital of the Common School Fund; School, Lite- the capital of the Literature Fund; and the capital of United the United States Deposite Fund, shall be respectively States Deno- preserved inviolate. The revenues of the said Common site Funds.

School Fund shall be applied to the support of common schools; the revenues of the said Literature Fund shall be applied to the support of academies, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of the revenues of the United States Deposite Fund shall each year be appropriated to and made a part of the capital of the said Common School Fund.

ARTICLE X.

district attor

Section 1. Sheriffs, clerks of counties, including the Sheriffs, register and clerk of the city and county of New-York, clerks of counties, coroners and district attorneys, shall be chosen by the register and electors of the respective counties, once in every three clerk of N. Y. years, and as often as vacancies shall happen. Sheriffs coroners and shall hold no other office, and be ineligible for the next neys. three years after the termination of their offices. They may be required by law to renew their security, from time to time; and in default of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed vacant. But the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the sheriff.

The Governor may remove any officer in this sec- Governor tion mentioned, within the term for which he shall may remove. have been elected; giving to such officer a copy of the

charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard

in his defence.

Section 2. All county officers whose election or ap- Officers how pointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall chosen or be elected by the electors of the respective counties, appointed. or appointed by the boards of supervisors, or other county authorities, as the Legislature shall direct. All city, town, and village officers, whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all other officers whose office may hereafter be

E

Duration of office.

Time of election.

Vacancies in office, how filled.

Political year.

Removal from office.

When office deemed va

cant.

Militia.

Manner of

choosing or

created by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed, as the Legislature may direct.

Section 3. When the duration of any office is not provided by this Constitution, it may be declared by law, and if not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment. Section 4. The time of electing all officers named in this article, shall be prescribed by law.

Section 5. The Legislature shall provide for filling vacancies in office, and in case of elective officers, no person appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold his office by virtue of such appointment, longer than the commencement of the political year next succeeding the first annual election after the happening of the vacancy.

Section 6. The political year and legislative term, shall begin on the first day of January; and the Legislature shall every year assemble on the first Tuesday in January, unless a different day shall be appointed by law.

Section 7. Provision shall be made by law for the removal for misconduct or malversation in office of all officers (except judicial) whose powers and duties are not local or legislative, and who shall be elected at general elections, and also for supplying vacancies created by such removal.

Section 8. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, where no pro vision is made for that purpose in this Constitution.

ARTICLE XI.

Section 1. The militia of this State shall, at all times hereafter, be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service; but all such inhabitants of this State, of any religious denomination whatever, as from scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms, shall be excused therefrom, upon such conditions as shall be prescribed by law.

Section 2. Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed as follows: Captains, subalterns and non-commis