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London: BLACKIE & SON, 49 and 50, Old Bailey. PAGE 329 330 332 332 FIFTY YEARS OF LITERARY LIFE, BY MARY-LAFON ... ... HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN PUBLICATIONS ... 335 336 337-338 brought over Cromwell, whose policy was the maintenance of order by a Protestant settlement, the destruction of the Catholic aristocracy by confiscation, a strong standing army, and effective penal laws. Charles II., although inheriting great difficulties from the preceding Government, adopted the 334 policy of interfering as little as possible. James II. supported the Catholic and national parties, with results but too well known; then followed the attempt during the eighteenth century to govern the country through the Protestant party, penal laws, and universal_corruption. In 1782 the ruling class in Ireland declined any longer to act as the mere tool of the English ministry, and the independent (?) Parliament established at that date continued until the Union. For eighty-two years Ireland has been ruled by the Imperial Legislature, and various experiments have been tried, the ultimate results of which, as exhibited in the present condition of the island, cannot be considered satisfactory. 338-339 340-342 SCIENCE-THE COUES CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN ... LITERATURE 342-346 346-348 A Short History of the Kingdom of Ireland the publication of the English records discloses what were once impenetrable State secrets. a There is one difficulty in writing readable history of Ireland which no amount of new information can remove, and which almost forbids us to hope that such a work can be made popular with the general public. History is attractive in so far as it can be made dramatic-so far as each crisis in the nation's fate is summed up in some one decisive struggle, or can be told in the form of a biography of the chief actor. The popularity of Greek history rests upon the mode in which it can be thrown into acts, each terminating with some brilliant stage effects, after which the curtain falls, to rise and disclose a new plot and a fresh cast of characters. If we carefully examine the popular conception of English history from the fall of Harold to the arrival of William III., we perceive that it may without difficulty be divided into a series of dramas, each with a marked and effective termination. A history can be written biographically when the force which manifestly produces marked results is the surpassing genius and energy of a conspicuous individual; the struggle, for instance, of Scotland against England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries lives only in the deeds of Wallace and Bruce, and is popularly believed to have terminated with the battle of Bannockburn. The difficulty of acquiring trustworthy information about Irish history arises from the unsatisfactory nature of the works in which attempts have been made to tell the history of Ireland as a connected narrative. Some respectable books, such as those of Cox and Leland, regard the subject from the English point of view, and treat the history of the native population as an Englishman in New Zealand might do that of the Maoris. With these writers the English Government The history of Ireland cannot be written is always just and beneficent, the English dramatically or biographically. The changes pious and civilizing, and the native Irish unwhich took place were all produced by unreasonable rebels, urged to constant revolt observed forces acting over long periods. by their innate barbarism, hatred of improve- The transformation of the Norman feudal ment, and dislike to true religion. The lords into quasi-Celtic chiefs resulted from absurdity of such narratives has been long many and not obvious causes and took two since understood; Celtic literature and centuries to effect. The only complete civilization now attract a share of the in- drama in Irish history is the reign of terest of the learned, and any educated per- James II. The history of Ireland is also son can without difficulty perceive that these almost-if we may use the term-heroless. English writers were ignorant of the exist- Of the Celtic population the only man who ence of one-half of the historical literature has left an enduring name in history is the of the country, and very imperfectly ac- king Brian; of all the Normans who fought quainted with the remainder. There is and died during three centuries there reanother class of so-called Irish histories, mains only an indefinite memory of the written from the nationalist point of view, Geraldines as a family. Cromwell is rememnot more profitable, and perhaps more mis- bered not because he personally achieved mis-bered leading. The avowed object of these writers very much in Ireland, but because he maniis to vilify everything English, to represent festly did something; and from Cromwell to the English Government of the last 700 Grattan and O'Connell not one man has left years as one prolonged and unmitigated a memory. It is strange but true that, tyranny, to paint all Englishmen as robbers although there was incessant war in Ireland and murderers; but on the other hand to for five centuries, no one out of Ireland extol all that was Celtic, to exaggerate the who has not specially studied Irish history legendary ancient civilization, to describe could name any battle except that of the every Irish chief as a heroic patriot or martyr Boyne, or siege except that of Londonderry; (as the case may be), and to represent Ire- and the reason of this is that during the land as an everlasting Job sitting upon ashes entire period the fighting never resulted in and covered with sores. These two classes any decisive success which determined once of Irish histories are both useless except as for all the course of subsequent events. mutual correctives; if one is read, its evil For those, however, who are desirous to get results should be met by reading the other, to the bottom of the matter, and who read and the careful student may thus compass history not for amusement, but to discover the negative advantage of believing neither. what were the causes acting upon large It is not, however, from a deficiency of bodies of men which produced particular available sources of information that no events, or the results of the conflict of satisfactory history of Ireland has been races in different stages of culture and written. During the past fifty years numerous with different systems of polity, the history scarce works have been republished and of Ireland should present an especially inMSS. printed which previously were interesting study. Why did the Normans accessible; the Celtic tribe system is now absolutely fail in Ireland? Why did no understood, and the once mysterious Brehon Les are accessible to all. Year by year race in Ireland succeed in conquering and absorbing the others? Why did every system of English policy either fail absolutely or produce results worse than the evils it was intended to remedy? These are questions of the utmost interest, and to be explained by the action of the same general laws which operate in other regions of the world. This, however, is a form of history which as yet is distasteful to the general public. Mr. Walpole's object is much more humble, namely, to produce a short and popular narrative which may at least enable the ordinary Englishman to obtain a reasonable knowledge of the subject, or rather to escape from the condition of absolute ignorance in which he lies at present. Upon opening the book we are at once favourably impressed by patent facts. The author has had the sense to dismiss from the stage the crowd of mythical events and unsubstantial heroes-events which never happened and men who never existedwhich occupies the earlier half of most Irish histories. It is most satisfactory to hear nothing of the Firbolgs, or the Tuatha de Danaans, or of the Milesians who, moved by a mysterious destiny, passed across Southern Europe to seek the land promised to their ancestor Gadelius, carrying a sacred banner on which were represented a dead serpent and the rod of Moses (this is the information given to the ingenuous youth of Ireland by a late well-known member of Parliament). There is nothing about King Dathi, who conquered Gaul, then under the rule of the patrician tius, and was, it seems, slain by lightning on his way to Rome; even Cormac McArt, who probably had an existence, absolutely disappears. This is most satisfactory, and we accept it as an omen that the Irish is now being treated like other histories, and that these vain tales and names are at last dismissed, to disappear or to be treated as solar myths. We may congratulate the author upon the excellent maps annexed to his letter-press; without maps no history can be of much use, and we hail this as a proof that Mr. Freeman has at last convinced the public of the usefulness of political geography. Our author has also clearly seen that details of the perpetual scrambling, fighting, cattle-lifting, and murdering, which form the staple of the history of all tribal communities, and fill pages of the Annals of the Four Masters,' have lost all interest in the nineteenth century. By entitling his work The Kingdom of Ireland' our author manifestly intimates that his main object is to detail the history of the island from the date at which the English Government took in hand seriously the affairs of Ireland, and we may therefore conclude that the first two portions of the work, entitled "Independent Ireland" and "The Anglo-Norman Settlement," are to be taken as merely introductory. It is for this reason, we presume, that the details of the early Irish Church, and to a great extent the tribal organization, are dealt with in a very perfunctory manner, and that the Norman settlement certainly does not receive the attention which it deserves. In the narrative of the latter event this work falls very much into the lines of the ordinary Irish nationalist histories: details which are not peculiar to the Norman invasion of Ireland are treated as exceptional. A Papal bull may be a bad title, but was it not a common title in the Middle Ages, and were there not bulls granted authorizing the con- It is invidious to refer to many small As a fair and readable popular history of Ireland this work is a most useful and timely contribution; it is not-what, indeed, it does not attempt nor pretend to be-an explanation of how and why the facts it relates came about, nor a picturesque description of bygone men and manners. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XIV. Kao— At the same time not a few of the articles contained in the fourteenth volume are of great interest. Foremost among these are two critical studies by Mr. Swinburne on Keats and Landor, written with his usual fire and force, but somewhat too lyrical-if we may use the expression-for biographical notices. Too much censure of the poet, too much praise of the prose writer, are discernible. It is surely exaggerated to say of Keats that "the merit of his work at twentyfive was hardly by comparison more wonderful than its demerit at twenty-two." And again with Landor, praise of his dramatic power is surely misplaced, and to assert that as a poet he stands as much above Byron as below Shelley is little less than bizarre. The article on Keats, however, contains a remarkable bit of "placing" of the order of merit of the poet's productions, while that on Landor does full justice to the nature of the man. Prof. As we have commenced on biographies, we may notice the remaining noteworthy contributions in this line of work, in which the great advance in excellence over the eighth edition is most marked. Sidney Colvin's life of Leonardo da Vinci comes next, "longo sed intervallo," to Mr. Swinburne's two essays. There is something disappointing in two lives of recent celebrities written by friends that of Kingsley by Mr. Kegan Paul, of G. H. Lewes by Mr. James Sully; the former hardly doing justice to what may be termed the buccaneer element in Kingsley's nature, the latter saying absolutely nothing about the man Lewes, really far more interesting than Lewes the author. Mr. Saintsbury does himself justice in two admirable essays on La Fontaine and Le Sage, the latter being specially excellent. It is perhaps worthy of remark that the lives of Lagrange and Laplace have been entrusted to a lady, Miss A. M. Clerke, who seems desirous to emulate the acquirements of Mrs. Somerville. Leopardi is described with customary skill by Mr. R. Garnett, while Mr. Sime adapts his life of Lessing to a smaller scale. It is somewhat curious to observe the provincial tone adopted by American writers on their own worthies; La Fayette and Abraham Lincoln are quite out of scale, owing to the want of perspective shown by the writers of their lives. Locke's life and thoughts are the subject of careful study by Prof. Fraser. The editorial care is shown by the fact that the poet Longfellow is included among the biographical notices. On the other hand, the space allotted to Liguori should have been much curtailed. Mr. Littledale is here more just to the "Father of Lies" than in his 'Plain Reasons,' but he has been even more generous than just in devoting so many columns to a comparatively unimportant personage. In scholarship Mr. Robertson Smith has given two of his best pieces of work in the articles on Kings and Lamentations, in both of which he is more original than has been his wont in previous contributions to these volumes. Prof. A. S. Wilkins on the Latin language is perhaps the most complete philological study as yet offered to the readers of the ninth edition. This elaborate essay supplies a decided want, though something more detailed might have been given on modern Latinity. Both "Logos" and "Liturgy are unsatisfactory; the former is "prescientific," the latter too catalogic. Turning to science, the principal article in this domain is that of Prof. Tait on light, an admirable treatise, only marred by being disassociated from that on optics. We are glad to observe that Mr. Glaisher gives the history as well as the mathematics of logarithms. If we may include logic under this rubric, the article on this subject by Prof. Adamson must be noticed as one of the most valuable contributions to the method of logic which have been made in England. The importance of symbolic logic is made clear, while the ordinary Aristotelian logic is put aside as merely of pedagogic utility; this admirable article likewise contains a tolerably full history of logical doctrine. In legal matters Scotland still holds the sway, though we are glad to see that Prof. E. Robertson has only the lion's share of the articles, "Law" itself and the important topic of "Landlord and Tenant" falling to him. The unfortunate dispute as to the article "Land," by Mr. Kinnear (though not signed with any initials), might draw attention to what is a straightforward résumé of the recent views of the Maine school. Of the remaining topics dealt with in this instalment, decidedly the most interesting is "Libraries," one of the best articles in the volume. Messrs. Tedder and Thomas are to be congratulated on the enormous amount Regarding the comparatively slow progress of the ninth edition, we have again to urge the danger of the earlier volumes becoming Reminiscences of an Old Bohemian. 2 vols. "SENEX LOQUAX" is the device affixed to In reading one is irresistibly reminded kind of survival of the Thackerayan civilization, and its founders are in some sort the legitimate successors of the Thackerayan generation, so that the story keeps its old-world aspect and suggestiveness until the end. It is amusing and a little pitiful too. The fashions of Bohemia have changed from what they were; the types of Bohemia are quite different from what they used to be. Bludyer and his pints of brandy are as remote as Trimalchio; not Grub Street itself is more utterly of the past than Shandon and his slashing articles. Nowadays Bohemia makes money and cultivates a reputation, and is skilled in the metrical forms of France, and takes a quiet cup of tea at its club. In the presence of a Bohemia of this sort-staid, prim, ambitious, a trifle pedantic-the Bohemianism of these Reminiscences' assumes an aspect at once antiquated and pathetic, as of a dodo in some modern farmyard, as of a megatherium in the Zoological Gardens. The "Old Bohemian " withholds his name, but his identity is easily established, for From his physiognomy is peculiar, and his experiences are such as have fallen to the lot of but few. He was born at Trois-Rivières in Canada, and has been a British subject from the first, though the stock he comes of is a blending of "Italian, French, German, and Sarmatian." At five years old his parents brought him to Europe; and after four years of" apparently ceaseless journeyings through France, the British Isles, and all over the Continent, including the dreary regions of Poland and Russia," he was set down at Linden, in Hanover. Here he learned to speak German and acquired the first principles of the science of cookery. Soon orphaned, he went to school at Magdeburg: in the Klosterschule, and studied after that at Halle and Leipzig, and at Berlin, where he read medicine and attempted in a desultory way to qualify himself as a doctor. Berlin he proceeded to Paris, where he knew Godefroi Cavaignac and Armand Carrel, walked the hospitals with Broussais, and took part in the Revolution of July. From Paris he started for Montpellier, but he travelled by way of Lyons, and in Lyons he remained, until he left it for a tour through Britain in company with a rich Marseillais. In the March of 33 he was once more in Paris, with an opportunity of working under Dupuytren, Orfila, Dumas, Raspail, Villemain, and Victor Cousin; but he was a determined Brudenschafter, and he was speedily summoned to Germany by the society, where he took part in the little attempt at revolution that was made in the April of '33. Returning to Paris, he volunteered for Algiers, and served there on the medical staff of the Foreign Legion, in which capacity he leeched and let blood-Antonini was his chief, and Antonini was a determined follower of Broussais-in a way that, halfhearted as it was, is terrible to read. Presently, however, he caught a fever, and fell himself under Antonini's hands. The consequence was that he was invalided and sent back to France. When he was cured he went on to Paris, and stayed there for some time-translating, writing articles, lecturing, walking the hospitals. But he quaintance of Barbès and Blanqui and was known as a Republican and as an acRaspail, and one night the police came down upon his lodgings, took him to the Rue de Jérusalem, and expelled him there and then from France. On his way to England, however, he alighted at Rouen; and at Rouen he remained for eight months, doing duty the while as Professor of History and the English Language at the Parc des Chartreux, until one day he was caught in the street by a Parisian mouchard, and obliged to continue his journey and take refuge in England. He did not return until thirty months afterwards. And when he did so he was forgotten, or at least permitted to live in peace. The rest of his career he must be left to tell for himself. It is as varied and as full of ups and downs as can well be imagined, and its story is one that may be read with real pleasure. The "Old Bohemian," indeed, has seen many men and done many things. He has translated books, delivered lectures, served as a war corre spondent, officiated at an international exhibition, defended criminals, acted as assistant to a famous homeopathic doctor, fought at barricades, helped to found a popular club, The Names of Herbes. By William Turner, in the reign of Mary-it became necessary been, but it comes upon us like a discovery 6 Turner's Names of Herbes' must not be confounded with his larger works on botany. It has naturally less scientific value than they, but for the student of language it is perhaps more important, as it has certainly the advantage of being much shorter. Turner knew English well, and could use it with effect in several directions. He has done us good service by enriching our tongue with several plant names that have now become familiar. This was done, not by inventing Latin or Greek compounds, but either by translating into English or borrowing from sister dialects. It is almost certain that the name of one of our best-known trees was introduced by him. Of the "Larix" he says that it "groweth on the highest toppes of the Alpes, higher then the firres do, the duch men call Laricem ein larchen baume, the french men cal it Dularge. It may be called in englishe a Larche tree." It is not improbable that the Euonymus europaus had its name of the spindle tree from him. He tells us that he had observed them growing in the hedges "betwene Barkway and Ware." Turner was, we may be sure, an observant man in many directions. It was, perhaps, natural that he should record that two of the greatest beech trees he had ever seen grew at Morpeth "on ij hylles right ouer the Castle." These had no doubt strongly appealed to his childish imagination, and there may have been a whole world of legend and romance connected with them that had impressed their forms on his memory. We should hardly have expected that one who seems to have known little of Yorkshire, except what he must have seen in travelling along the Great North Road, would have observed that the yew tree was particularly prevalent in that county. He may well have been the first to point out the fact. WILLIAM TURNER was the first Englishman We average to keep out of the vortex of religious controversy. Mr. Britten has edited the book with great care. We have detected no misprints, and in such a book notes would have been out of place. There is, however, an index giving Turner's English names, the modern scientific names, and also the Latin names that Turner knew them by. Some of the last appear in forms which it would not be easy to find in any modern book of reference. The Sacred Books of the East.-VIII. The Bhagavadgita, with the Sanatsugatiya and the Anugita. Translated by Kashinath Trimbak Telang, M.A.-XII. The Satapatha Brahmana according to the Text of the Madhyandina School. Translated by Julius Eggeling. Part I. (Oxford, Clarendon Press.) By sacred books we can only understand books which in some way show the thoughts of a people, which serve them as moral and religious guides, and which above all are the text-books of a certain sect or a larger part of the community with a definite name. All those books must therefore be excluded which, showing deep religious feeling, are of an eclectic character only. If this line is not drawn, we should soon see included in such a series, speaking of Indian literature, the poems of Canakya or Bhartrihari, in both of which there is certainly no lack of religious feeling. These remarks have been called forth by the contents of the eighth volume of the "Sacred Books." It contains the 'Bhagavadgītā,' the 'Sanatsugātīya,' and the ‘Anu |