mended, for the opening chapter, on the "Origin Burman, his Life and Notions, by Shway Yoe, 2 vols. 8vo. 9/ of Ballads," is clumsily put together.

Lock (C. G.W.), Wegner (G. W.), and Harland's (R. H.) Sugar
Growing and Refining, illustrated, 8vo. 30/ cl.
Marcus Ward's Picture Library of Animals: Second Series,
Sheep, Donkeys, &c., 4to. 5/ cl.

Martin's (Mrs. H.) For a Dream's Sake, cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl.

New Clarissa (The), translated from the French of Lord

Monroe, er. 8vo. 10/6 el.

Nicholson's (E) Student's Manual of German Literature, 3/6
Routledge's Every Boy's Annual, 1883, roy. 8vo. 6/ cl.
Selections from the Writings of Walter Savage Landor,
arranged and edited by 8. Colvin, 18mo. 4/6 el.
Stevenson's (R. L.) New Arabian Nights, 2 vols. cr. 8vo. 12/ cl.
Turner's (E. F.)T Leaves, being a Collection of Pieces written
for Public Reading, Second Edition, cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl.
Walpole's (S.) Foreign Relations, cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl. (The English
Citizen.)
Wernekke (H.) On Life after Death, from the German of
Gustav Theodor Fechner, 12mo. 2/6 bds.

FOREIGN.
Theology.

Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, Vol. 6, 15m.
Lotze (H.): Grundzüge der Religionsphilosophie, Im. 70.
Scholz (A.): Commentar zum Buche d. Proph. Hoseas, 4m.
Wiedemann (T.): Geschichte der Reformation, Vol. 3, 3m.
Archæology.

Bergk (T.): Geschichte u. Topographie der Rheinländer in
Römischer Zeit, 5m. 20.

David (E.): Dialecti Laconicae Monumenta Epigraphica, 1m.
Geography.

Deisenhammer (C.): Meine Reise um die Welt, 12m.
Mittheilungen der Internationalen Polar-Commission, Pt. 2,
Om. 80.

Müller (F.): Unter Tungusen u. Jakuten, 8m.
Strauss (A.): Bosnien, Land u. Leute, 7m.

Philology.

Gabelentz (G. v. d.) u. Meyer (A. B.): Die Melanesischen,
Mikronesischen, u. Papuanischen Sprachen, 6m.
Hecht (R.): De Etymologiis apud Poetas Graecos, Im. 20.
Herwerden (H. van): Lectiones Rheno-Trajectinae, 2m. 50.
Ribbeck (0.): Alazon, Beitrag zur Antiken Ethologie, 4m. 40.
Science.

Fiedler (W.): Cyklographie, 9m.

Fodor (J.): Hygienische Untersuchungen, 11m.
Heller (A.): Geschichte der Physik, Vol. 1, 9m.

3m. 60.

expected to let it pass unnoticed. If I do, I
tacitly countenance an error and tacitly admit
an act by no means creditable to me.

I should be the last to under-estimate my in-
debtedness to my father, for whom I have great
admiration, as will be seen when, hereafter,
there comes to be published a sketch of him
which I long ago prepared in rough draft. But
this indebtedness was general and not special-
an indebtedness for habits of thought encouraged
rather than for ideas communicated. I distinctly
trace to him an ingrained tendency to inquire
for causes-causes, I mean, of the physical class.
Though far from having himself abandoned
supernaturalism, yet the bias towards naturalism
was strong in him, and was, I doubt not, com-
municated (though rather by example than by
precept) to others he taught as it was to me.
But while admitting, and indeed asserting, that
the tendency towards naturalistic interpretation
of things was fostered in me by him, as probably
also in Mr. Mozley, yet I am not aware that
any of those results of naturalistic interpretation
distinctive of my works are traceable to him.

Were the general reader in the habit of criticizing each statement he meets, he might be expected to discover in the paragraph quoted above from Mr. Mozley reasons for scepticism. When, for example, he found my books described as occupying several yards of library shelves, while in fact they occupy less than two feet, he might be led to suspect that other statements, made with like regard for effectiveness rather than accuracy, are misleading. A Krazer (A.): Theorie der Zweifach Unendlichen Thetareihen, reperusal of the last part of the paragraph might confirm his suspicion. Observing that, along with the allegation of "family resemblance," the closing sentence admits that the course of human affairs as conceived by Mr. Mozley was the reverse in direction to the course alleged by me- -observing that in this only respect in which Mr. Mozley specifies his view it is so fundamentally anti-evolutionary as to be irreconcilable with the evolutionary view-he might have further doubts raised. But the general reader, not pausing to consider, mostly accepts without

Netto (E.): Substitutionentheorie, 6m. 80.

Poensgen (E.): Die Motorischen Verrichtungen d. Mensch-
lichen Magens, 4m. 50.

Prym (F.): Die Riemann'sche Thetaformel, 6m.
Stilling (J.): Der Bau der Optischen Centralorgane, Part 1,

24m.

Weil (A.): Zur Lehre vom Pneumothorax, 4m.
Wiedersheim (R.): Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie
der Wirbelthiere, 12m.

THE REV. THOMAS MOZLEY AND MR. HERBERT
SPENCER.

In the 'Reminiscences, chiefly of Oriel College,' by the Rev. Thomas Mozley, there occurs on p. 146, vol. i., the following passage:—

hesitation what a writer tells him.

Even scientific readers, even readers familiar with the contents of my books, cannot, I fear, be trusted so to test Mr. Mozley's statement as to recognize its necessary erroneousness; though a little thought would show them this. They would have but to recall the cardinal ideas

"I had indulged from my boyhood in a Darwinian
dream of moral philosophy, derived in the first in-
stance from one of my early instructors. This was
Mr. George Spencer, [honorary] Secretary of the
Derby Philosophical Association founded by Dr.
Darwin, and father of Mr. Herbert Spencer. My
dream had a certain family resemblance to the Sys-developed throughout the series of volumes I
tem of Philosophy' bearing that writer's name.
There was an important and saving difference be-
tween the two systems, between that which never
saw the light, and perished before it was born, with-
out even coming to wither like grass on the house-
tops, and that other imposing system which occupies
several yards of shelf in most public libraries. The
latter makes the world of life, as we see and take
part in it, the present outcome of a continual out-
coming from atoms, lichens, and vegetables, bound

have published to become conscious that these
ideas are necessarily of much later origin
than the period to which Mr. Mozley's
Though, in Rumford's day
and before, an advance had been made to-

account refers.

wards the doctrine of the correlation of heat
and motion, this doctrine had not become
current; and no conception, even, had arisen of
the more general doctrine of the correlation

by the necessities of existence to mutual relations, and equivalence of the physical forces at large.

up to or down to brutes, savages, ladies and gentlemen, inheriting various opinions, maxims, and superstitions. The brother and elder philosophy, for such it was, that is mine, saved itself from birth by its palpable inconsistency, for it retained a Divine original and some other incongruous elements. In particular, instead of rating the patriarchal stage hardly above the brute, it assigned to that state of society a heavenly source, and described it as rather a model for English country gentlemen, that is, upon the whole, and with certain reservations."

As I find by inquiring of those who have read it, this passage leaves the impression that the doctrines set forth in the 'System of Synthetic Philosophy' as well as those which Mr. Mozley entertained in his early days were in some way derived from my father. Were this true, the implication would be that during the last fiveand-twenty years I have been allowing myself to be credited with ideas which are not my own. And since this is entirely untrue, I cannot be

It was more than a dozen years after Dr. Darwin's death in 1802 when my father became honorary secretary. I believe my father (who was twelve years old when Dr. Darwin died) never saw him, and, so far as I know, knew nothing of his ideas.

Still more recent was the rise and establish
ment of the associated abstract doctrine com-
monly known as the "conservation of energy.'
Further, Von Baer's discovery that the changes
undergone during development of each organic
body are always from the general to the special
was not enunciated till some eight years after the
time at which Mr. Mozley was a pupil of my
father, and was not heard of in England until
twenty years after. Now, since these three
doctrines are indispensable elements of the
general theory of evolution (the last of them
being that which set up in me the course of
thought leading to it), it is manifest that not even
a rude conception of such a theory could have
been framed at the date referred to in Mr.
Mozley's account. Even apart from this, one
who compared my successive writings would find
clear proof that their cardinal ideas could have
had no such origin as Mr. Mozley's account
seems to imply. In the earliest of them-
'Letters on the Proper Sphere of Government'
-published in 1842 and republished as a

pamphlet in 1844, the only point of community with the general doctrine of evolution is a belief in the modifiability of human nature through adaptation to conditions (which I held as a corollary from the theory of Lamarck) and a consequent belief in human progression. In the second and more important one, 'Social Statics," published in 1850, the same general ideas are to be seen, worked out more elaborately in their ethical and political consequences. Only in an essay published in 1852 would the inquirer note for the first time a passing reference to the increase of heterogeneity as a trait of develop ment, and a first recognition of this trait as seen in other orders of phenomena than those displayed by individual organisms. Onwards through essays published in several following years, he would observe further extensions in the alleged range of this law; until, in 1855, in the Principles of Psychology,' it begins to take an important position, joined with the additional law of integration, afterwards to be similarly extended. Not until 1857, in two essays then published, would he find a statement, relatively crude in form, of the law of evolution, set forth as holding throughout all orders of phenomena, and joined with it the statement of certain universal physical principles which necessitate its universality. And only in 1861 would he come to an expression of the law approximating in definiteness to that final one reached in 1867. All which facts the scientific reader who took the trouble to investigate would see are conclusive against the implication contained in Mr. Mozley's statement; since, were this implication true, my early writings would have contained traces of the specific doctrine set forth in the later ones. But, as I have said, even a reader of my books cannot be trusted to recall and consider these facts, but will certainly in many cases, and probably in most, passively accept the belief Mr. Mozley suggests.

Seeing this, I have felt it requisite definitely to raise the issue; and for this purpose have written to Mr. Mozley the following letter. It is made long by including a general outline of the doctrine of evolution, which it was needful to place before him that he might be in a position to answer my question definitely. Perhaps I may be excused for reproducing the letter in full, since ninety-nine out of a hundred do not know what the doctrine of evolution in its wider sense is, but suppose it to be simply another name for the doctrine of the origin of species by natural selection :

"My dear Sir,-The passages from three letters of my father, sent herewith-one written in 1820, which was about the date referred to in your account of him, one written some thirteen years later, and the other twenty years later-will prove to you how erroneous is the statement you have made with regard to his religious beliefs. Having in this case clear proof of error, you will, I think, be the better prepared to recognize the probability of error in the statements which you make concerning his philosophical ideas and the ideas which, under his influence, you in early life elaborated for yourself.

"The passage in which you refer to these gives the impression that they were akin to those views which are developed in the 'System of Synthetic Philosophy.' I am anxious to ascertain in what the alleged kinship consists. Some twelve years ago an American friend requested me, with a view to a certain use which he named, to furnish him with a succinct statement of the cardinal principles developed in the successive works I have published. The rough draft of this statement I have preserved and that you may be enabled definitely to compare the propositions of that which you have called the younger philosophy' with that which you have called 'the elder,' I copy it

out.

It runs as follows:

"1. Throughout the universe in general and

"I am not aware that my father entertained any of these views, either definitely or vaguely. But if he did, or if under his influence you reached views similar to these or any of them, it will, I presume, be possible to indicate the resemblances. Or if specific resemblances are not alleged, still it will be possible to point out what were the ideas you received from him which potentially involved conclusions such as above set forth.

are

"I fear I am entailing some trouble upon you in asking an answer to this question, but the importance of the matter must be my apology. I am, my dear sir, faithfully yours,

"HERBERT SPENCER."

In Mr. Mozley's reply he stated that he had been obliged already to send off his corrections for a second edition, adding that, as therefore nothing can be done now, you would not care for any discussion.". The result is that I remain without any reply to my question. One passage, however, in Mr. Mozley's letter serves to give a widely different meaning to his statement; and, having obtained his permission, I here quote it as follows :-"You will observe that I have only a vague idea of my own philosophy,' and I cannot pretend to an accurate knowledge of yours. I spoke of a 'family likeness.' But what is that? There is a family likeness between

Cardinal

Frank's."

Newman's view and his brother

detail there is an unceasing redistribution of matter and motion. 2. This redistribution constitutes evoction where there is a predominant integration of matter and dissipation of motion, and constitutes dissolution where there is a predominant absorption of motion and disintegration of matter. 3. Evolution is simple when the process of integration, or the formation of a coherent aggregate, proceeds un4. Evolution is complicated by other processes. compound when, along with this primary change from an incoherent to a coherent state, there go on secondary changes due to differences in the circumstances of the different parts of the aggregate. 5. These secondary changes constitute a transformation of the homogeneous into the heterogeneous-a transformation which, like the firet, is exhibited in the universe as a whole and in all (or nearly all) its details; in the aggregate of stars and rebule; in the planetary system; in the earth as an inorganic mass; in each organism, vegetal or animal (Von Baer's law otherwise expressed); in the aggregate of organisms throughout geologic time; in the mind; in society; in all products of social activity. 6. The process of integration, acting locally as well as generally, combines with the process of differentiation to render this change not simply from homogeneity to heterogeneity, but from an indefinite bomogeneity to a definite heterogeneity; and this trait of increasing definiteness, which accompanies the trait of increasing heterogeneity, is, like it, exhibited in the totality of things and in all its divisions and subdivisions down to the minutest. 7. Along with this redistribution of the matter composing any evolving aggregate there goes on a redistritation of the retained motion of its components in relation to one another: this also becomes, step by step, more definitely heterogeneous. 8. In the absence cf a homogeneity that is infinite and absolute, that redistribution, of which evolution is one phase, is inevitable. The causes which necessitate it are these9. The instability of the homogeneous, which is consequent upon the different exposures of the different parts of any limited aggregate to incident forces. The transformations hence resulting are complicated by-10. The multiplication of effects. Every mass and part of a mass on which a force falls subdivides and differentiates that force, which thereupon proeds to work a variety of changes; and each of these becomes the parent of similarly multiplying charges: the multiplication of them becoming greater in proportion as the aggregate becomes more heterogeneous. And these two causes of increasing differentiations are furthered by-11. Segregation, which is a process tending ever to separate unlike its and to bring together like units-so serving Continually to sharpen, or make definite, differentiations otherwise caused. 12. Equilibration is the Lal result of these transformations which an evolving aggregate undergoes. The changes go on until there is reached an equilibrium between the forces which all parts of the aggregate are exposed to and the forces these parts oppose to them. Equilibration may pass through a transition stage of talanced functions (as in a living body) on the way anced motions (as in a planetary system) or of to ultimate equilibrium; but the state of rest in inorganic bodies, or death in organic bodies, is the Decessary limit of the changes constituting evolution. 13. Dissolution is the counter-change which sooner There remains only to answer the questionor later every evolved aggregate undergoes. ReHow could Mr. Mozley have been led to imagine maining exposed to surrounding forces that are a resemblance between things so different? He equilibrated, each aggregate is ever liable to be has himself gone far towards furnishing an exssipated by the increase, gradual or sudden, of its planation. In his introduction (p. 1) he admits, contained motion; and its dissipation, quickly or rather asserts, that "reminiscences are very dergone by bodies lately animate and slowly suspicious matter"; and that "the mental undergone by inanimate masses, remains to be dergone at an indefinitely remote period by each picture of events long passed by, and seen planetary and stellar mass, which since an indethrough an increasing breadth of many-tinted tely distant period in the past has been slowly evolving: the cycle of its transformations being thus completed. 14. This rhythm of evolution and dissclation, completing itself during short periods in small aggregates, and in the vast aggregates distributed through space completing itself in periods which are immeasurable by human thought, is, so

66

66

is not unsatisfactory. On looking through the
many-1
y-tinted haze of sixty years at what he
admits to be "a vague idea" of his early philo-
sophy, he has unconsciously warped and
coloured" it, and imagined in it a resemblance
which, as I have shown, it could not possibly
have had.

I will add only that serious injustice is apt to be done by publication of reminiscences which concern others than the writer of them. Widely diffused as is Mr. Mozley's interesting work, his statement will be read and accepted by thousands who will never see this rectification. HERBERT SPENCER.

A COMPLAINT.

I Do not know how far it is permissible for one author to use the materials of another without acknowledgment, but here is a case in point to which I should like to call attention. In the 'Life of Victor Emmanuel,' by G. S. Godkin, published 1879, and the Life of Garibaldi,' by Theodore Bent, published in 1881, not only are the extracts from Italian authorities in many cases identical, but the original composition shows at times such a similarity as could hardly be accidental. The following passages are specimens:

'Life of Victor Emmanuel.'

"All Italy was on fire. Lom-
bardy and Venice were al-
ready in arms, and the Milan-
ese after five days' terrible
fighting drove the Austrian
troops out of the city. The
declaration of the war of in-

dependence could no longer
be delayed."-P. 27.

Life of Garibaldi.' "All Italy was thereat aroused. Lombardy and Venice were already in arms,. and the Milanese, after their five 'glorious days,' had driven the Austrians out of their city March 23. So the

declaration of the war of independence could no longer be postponed."-P. 45.

"The Lombards, who had be- The Lombards too, after gun the war with such hero- their five days' struggle, beism as was displayed in the came divided among themfive days' struggle, did not selves, and so did the Venemaintain the same noble tians, fighting as to what bearing throughout. They form of government they were divided against them- should have while Austria selves, and failed to support was still in possession. And the Piedmontese as the king Mazzini was busy too, had been taught to expect. running down monarchies They and the Venetians spent the while, and spreading the precious time in disput- libels about the King of Saring as to what form of dinia."-P. 49. government they would have while the Austrians were still in possession of Italian soil. The Mazzinians were busy

Now, if the "family likeness" alleged is not
greater than that between the belief of a Roman
Catholic and the belief of a Rationalist who re-
tains his theism, my chief objection is removed;
for just as the views of the brothers Newman
have a certain kinship in virtue of the religious
sentiment common to them, so Mr. Mozley's
early views and my own may have had the com-
mon trait of naturalistic interpretation-partially
carried out in the one and completely in the
other: a common trait, however, which would
66
a family like-
give Mr. Mozley's early views
ness to other philosophies than mine. This
being understood, the only further objection to
Mr. Mozley's statement which I have to make
is that I do not see how, even in this vague
sense, a likeness can be alleged between that
which he names and describes as "a moral philo-haranguing against monar-
sophy" and "a system of philosophy" of which
the greater part is concerned with the phenomena
of evolution at large-inorganic, organic, and
super-organic-as interpreted on physical prin-
ciples, and of which only the closing portion sets
forth ethical conclusions as corollaries from all
the conclusions that have preceded.

haze, is liable to be warped and coloured by
received from other quarters." He adds sundry
more recent remembrances, and by impressions

illustrations of the extreme untrustworthiness
of memory concerning the remote past; and in
chap. lxxxiii. he characterizes Denison's Re-
miniscences of Oriel College as "a jumble of
inaccuracies, absurdities, and apparent forgets."
Moreover he indicates (p. 4) a special cause of
CC whose memory is

far as we can see, universal and eternal-each alter-
Eating phase of the process predominating now in
ths region of space and now in that, as local con-
ditions determine. 15. All these phenomena, from
their great features down to their minutest details. distortion; saying of those
are necessary results of the persistence of force, subordinate to imagination and passion'

ander its forms of matter and motion. Given these

66

that

as distributed through space, and their quantities too much as they please.'
'they remember too easily, too quickly, and
being unchangeable, either by increase or decrease,
Now, as is implied
distinguishable as evolution and dissolution, as well
by his religious and ecclesiastical leanings,
and as is also shown by a passage in which he
those special traits above enumerated. 16. That refers to the scientific school with manifest

which persists unchanging in quantity but ever which the universe presents to us, transcends human Knowledge and conception-is an unknown and Lize as without limit in space and without beginnknowable power, which we are obliged to recog

Ling or end in time."

aversion, Mr. Mozley is biassed towards an in-
terpretation which tends to discredit this school,
or a part of it; and obviously, to fancy a re-
semblance between scientific views now current
and those which he describes as a “dream" of
his youth, which disappeared with his manhood,

"Aspromonte gave the final 'Aspromonte gave a final blow to the Rattazzi ministry. blow to the Rattazzi ministry, Never very popular, it was never, indeed, very popular, utterly slaken by the re- but now utterly shaken by action in favour of Garibaldi. their conduct to Garibaldi. Now that the danger was Now that the untamable old passed and the untamable lion was for the time laid. old lion hors de combat, his aside, nothing but his past rash inconsiderateness, his glorious services were rememviolation of the laws, were bered. Nobody for a moment overlooked, and only his past thought that his futile atglorious services remem- tempt on Rome had been in bered."-P. 249. any way rash or inconsiderate."-P. 215.

I do not pretend to say that these passages contain anything very original or novel. Mr Bent could easily have obtained the information by reading the accounts of the Italians who took part in, or were spectators of, the Revolution, if he chose to take the trouble of looking up the original authorities and condensing for himself. But when he wanted to make his book in a hurry and use the readiest materials that came to his hand, he ought to have given references to the works which supplied them. G. S. GODKIN.

MORE KARAITE MANUSCRIPTS. Cannon Street Hotel, July 19, 1882. IN an article in the Athenæum of July 15th, headed "Karaite Manuscripts," I mentioned that I would write soon more on the fifth division (Ke) of my catalogue, containing six MSS. on grammar and lexicography, and one Yemenite book on the Massorah, which I gladly do before leaving London.

The chief elements necessary to a sound understanding of the Old Testament and to the execution of a good translation are unquestion

ably the following :-First, a good ancient text or texts; secondly, good vowel - points and accents; thirdly, good ancient lexicons translating the Hebrew into a living language; and fourthly, good and early translations and impartial commentaries. Until lately, however, these four necessary elements have not been all that could be desired.

The collections acquired in 1881 of good ancient texts and the great work of Dr. Ginsburg on the Massorah have remedied in a measure the want of the first.

&c. It is a pity that this lexicon comprises only
six letters of the Hebrew alphabet.

No. 2 is most probably the earliest Arabic-
Hebrew and Arabic-Chaldaic lexicon yet known.
The forms of its triliteral roots, its order and
Chaldaic part, require description by scholars
more competent than myself.

No. 3 is the well-known 'Sepher-harikma' of
the most highly praised and much abused Ebn
Ganach, in the original Arabic, but not complete.

tations of early Massoretic works and authors not
known to us, e. g., Posikta, Massorah of Saadia
Gaon, Mesorta Denardai, Ben Melch, &c.; se-
condly, for his pointing out the variations
between the Jerusalemitic and old Yemenite
texts, even with regard to full words; thirdly,
for showing the difference between the Yemenite
Targum and our Targum.

No. 4 is a special treatise on the Yemenite Massorah. The author, who must have lived There is now in the British Museum material only two or three centuries ago, is very interestenough to enable any diligent Hebrew studenting to us for several reasons:-First, for his quoto work out the different systems of the socalled Assyrian and Palestinian punctuations. Nothing has as yet been done for the study of the different systems and the gradual development of our twenty-six forms of accents (I myself possess several old MSS. with different systems of accents). But the greatest hindrance to a right understanding of the Bible, and especially of words touching on natural history or of a technical character, was the lack of ancient Biblical lexicons explaining those terms in a living language, by authors who lived in Bible lands, and were able to take advantage of the near relationship which exists between kindred tongues. The Targum and even the Talmud are often a great help in this respect, but, alas! they often need an interpreter. The Aruch and Kimshi, who wrote only Hebrew, could not help us much there.

No. 5 is a concordance to the similar termi-
nations of words of the Bible (for lyric purposes).
No. 6 comprises six fragments of Biblical as
well as Talmudical Hebrew-Arabic lexicons,
mostly very old. In order to give an idea of
their high value, and to encourage collectors in
searching for more lexicons of this kind, I shall
give here in the original one of the shortest
articles, upon the word T (the root
as follows:-

It is true the Bodleian Library possesses an excellent Hebrew - Arabic Talmudical lexicon of Tanchum Jerushalmi, called 'Murshid el 17 Kafiah,' and the Imperial Library of St. Peters

),

intelligible to you than to me, and might give you some insight into literary and social as well as bibliopolical relations. But many details of this account will not yet settle themselves into sure facts, but do dance and mystify me as one green in ledgers. Bookseller says 991 copies came from Binder, 9 remaining imperfect, and so not bound. But in all my reckon ings of the particulars of distribution I make either more or less than 991 copies. And some of my accounts are with private individuals at a distance, and they have their uncertainties and misrememberings also. But the facts will soon show themselves, and I count confidently on a small balance against the world to your credit.

The Miscellanies go forward too slowly, at about the rate of seventy-two pages a week, as I understand. Of the Fraser articles and of some others we have not a single copy-such are the tough limits of some English immortalities and editorial renowns, but we expect the end of the printing in six weeks. The two first volumes, with title-pages, are gone to the binder-260 copies-with strait directions; and I presume will go to sea very soon. We shall send the two last volumes by a later ship. You will pay nothing for the books we send, except freight. We shall deduct the cost of the books from the credit side of your account. We print of the second series edition of the first series of 500 if we see fit here1,250 copies, with the intention of printing a second after to supply the place of the emigrating portion of the first. You express some surprise at the cheapness of our work. The publishers, I believe, generally get more profits. They grumbled a little at the face of the account on the 1 January; so in the new contract for the new volumes I have allowed them 9 cents more on each copy sold by them. So that you should receive 91 cents on a copy instead of $1. When the 250 copies of our two first volumes are gone to you I think they will not have but about 100 copies more to sell.

Your books are read. I hear, I think, more grati tude expressed for the Miscellanies than for the History. Young men at all our colleges study them in closets,

אלעין ואל צאד ואל דאל (עצד)

מעשה ידי חרץ במעצד הו אלאויל

tinual inquiry whether the man will come hither | חרש נותנין לו שני מעצדין אי פאסין | -lexicon of Ali ben Saleiman, (In my new col

הכדא פסר פיה רביני האיי גאון ז"ל | works of the last-mentioned author, dated twice

burg possesses now a Biblical Hebrew-Arabic or bub or

lection, now in the British Museum, are many

A.D. 1035, who was only known till now by his

lexicon and never mentioned in any of then, NA NYX DO

Karaite books.) But what are the opinions of annihe. 158 20 7yyp

a few authors of not very great critical ability
on such an important point as the translation of
the Bible? Any additional help to that aim
seems to me of great importance; I will therefore

seven books now in the British Museum.
No. 1 of the division Ke is a large fragment (three
hundred pages
Hebrew lexicon, in which the difficult words of the

small quarto) of a unique Arabic

Pets, and the Copernican is eradicating the Ptolemaic lore. I have frequent and cordial testimonies to the good working of the leaven, and con

Speriamo.

I was a fool to tell you once you must not come: if I did tell you so, I knew better at the time, and I did steadily believe, as far as I was concerned, that by any possibility stick to me; for I was purely an no polemical mud, however much was thrown, could interest; and merely spoke to the question as a hisobserver; had not the smallest personal or partial torian; and I knew whoever could see me must see

well. Ten Lectures 1. Dot. Love; V. Genius; VI: The Protest; VII., Tragedy; VIII. Comedy;

that. But, at the moment, the little pamphlet made such stir and excitement in the newspapers; and the whole thousand copies were bought up. The ill wind has blown over. I advertised, as usual, my winter course of Lectures, and it prospered very Doctrine of the Soul; IL

חנינא

אן

הו אלפאס והדא אתבאת | point out the interest of this small division of

אן מעצד הי אל פאס

עלי

endles קורנאס והו שביה, באלפאס וליס אלאויל וקורנס על הסדין לאן תפסיר | acubijoth,עכביות out. For instance,of the word

nursed no more on luman דלך אלמטרקה עלי אלסנדאן והכמא דרדר mentioned in the Talmud as being the

פסר פיה גאון......

Bible and Mishnah are well and clearly worked

לחלח

7777

(thistles) of Gen. iii. 18—our author says that it
is a plant with many thorny leaves which grows
in abundance around Damascus, and that at the
top of it is a thistled crown, which is the favourite
food of the camel, and is called in Damascus
"acub." It is also, he says, found in abundance
in Morocco and Andalusia, where the thorns are
peeled and cooked or roasted together with garlic
and eaten. They are of two colours; some are
ash-grey and some rosy.
It is also a favourite
dish in Cairo, but it is called there "lach-lach,"
The "ar-ar" (y) of the Bible is
also, according to the Targum of Onkelos, the
well-known "acub." Then he goes on to say:
"The general opinion that 'dardar' and 'acu-
bijoth' are the fruit of 'badngan' (egg plant) is
only held by those who talk from hearsay, with-
out having any real knowledge of the thing.
They ought to have known that this plant
'badngan was never planted in Palestine in
early days, neither did the Jews of old know it;
even Galen, who lived after the second exile,
does not mention 'badngan,' because he never
saw it. Even Rabbi Haii Goan makes a mistake
in rendering it by the word 'banjar,'
(beet-root, &c.); and Ebn Ganaeh translated it
harshaph,', which is also not the real
'acub' or thistle, although 'harshaph' has also
many thistles and may be of the same kind,"

No. 7 is an alphabetical list of all the
passages and anecdotes to be found in the
6,000 texts, some very long.
Talmud Babli and Jerushalmi. It has over

understanding of the Hebrew, namely, ancient
The fourth element necessary to a good
impartial translations and comments in Arabic
or any other living language (of which there was
hitherto a great want), is now well supplied by
the new acquisitions of the Trustees of the British
Museum. I will return to this part of my col-
lection in your next number.

I designed to add two more, but my lungs played me false with unseasonable inflammation, so I dis Life." Now I am well again. But, as I said, as I could not hurt myself, it was foolish to flatter myself that I could mix your camp with mine and hurt you. Nothing is more certain than that you shall have all our ears, whenever you wish for them, and free from that partial position which I deprecated. Yet I cannot regret my letter, which procured me so affectionate and magnanimous a reply.

Thanks, too, for your friendliest invitation. But I have a new reason why I should not come to Eng land-a blessed babe, named Ellen, almost three weeks old, a little fair soft lump of contented humanity, incessantly sleeping, and with an air of incurious security, that says, she has come to stay has come to be loved,-which has nothing mean, and quite piques me.

Yet how gladly should I be near you for a time. The months and years make me more desirous of an unlimited conversation with you; and one day, I think, the God will grant it, after whatever way is best. I am lately taken with the Onyx Ring; which seemed to me full of knowledge, and good bold true drawing. Very saucy, was it not? in John Sterling to paint Collins; and what intrepid iconoclasm in this new Alcibiades to break in among your Lares and disfigure your sacred Hermes himself in Walsingham. To me, a profane man, it was good sport to lampooned, and by Alcibiades, too, over whom the see the Olympic lover of Frederica, Lili, and so forth, wrath of Pericles must pause and brood ere it falls. better, I shall no longer expect him to write to me. I delight in this Sterling, but now that I know him I wish I could talk to you on the grave questions, graver than all literature, which the trifles of each day open. Our doing seems to be a gaudy screen or popinjay to divert the eye from our non-doing.

I wish you could know my friends here. A man named Bronson Alcott is a majestic soul, with whom conversation is possible. He is capable of truth, and gives me the same glad astonishment that he should exist which the world does.

As I hear not yet of your reception of the Bill of Exchange, which went by the Royal William in January, I enclose the duplicate. And now all success to the Lectures of April or May! A new kingdom with new extravagances of power and splendour I know. Unless you can keep your own secret better in Rahel, &c., You must not give it me to keep. The London Sartor arrived in my hands 5 March, dated 15 November, so long is the way from Kennett to Little & Co. The book is welcome, and awakens a sort of nepotism in me-my brother's child.

R. W. EMERSON.

I rejoice in the good accounts you give me of your household; in your wife's health; in your brother's position. My wife wishes to be affectionately remembered to you and yours. And the lady must continue to love her old Transatlantic friend.

New York, March 18, 1840. MY DEAR FRIEND,-I have just seen the steamer 'British Queen' enter the harbour from sea, and here lies the Great Western' to sail to-morrow. I will not resist hints so broad upon my long procrastinations. You shall have at least a tardy acknowledgment that I received in January your letter of December, which I should have answered at once, had it not found me absorbed in writing foolish lectures which were then in high tide. I had written you, a little earlier, tidings of the receipt of your Fr. Revolution.' Your letter was very welcome, as all your letters are. I have since seen tidings of the Essay on Chartism' in an English periodical, but have not yet got my proof-sheets. They are probably still rolling somewhere outside of this port, for all our packet ships have had the longest passages; only one has come in for many a week. We will be as patient as we can.

I am here on a visit to my brother, who is a lawyer in this city, and lives at Staten Island, at a distance of half-an-hour's sail. The city has such immense natural advantages and such capabilities of boundless growth, and such varied and ever increasing accommodations and appliances for eye and ear, for memory and wit, for locomotion and lavation, and all manner of delectation, that I see that the poor fellows that live here do get some compensation for the sale of their souls. And how they multiply! They estimate the population to-day at 350,000, and forty years ago, it is said, there were but 20,000. But I always seem to suffer from loss of faith on entering cities. They are great conspiracies; the parties are all masquers, who have taken mutual oaths of silence not to betray each other's secret and each to keep the other's madness in countenance. You can scarce drive any craft here that does not seem a subornation of the treason. I believe in the spade and an acre of good ground. Whoso cuts a straight path to his own bread, by the help of God in the sun and rain and sprouting of the grain, seems to me an universal workman. He solves the problem of life not for one but for all men of sound body. I wish I may one day send you word, or better, show you the fact that I live by my hands without loss of memory or of hope. And yet I am of such a puny constitution, as far as concerns bodily labor, that perhaps I never shall. We will see.

proportion to their knowledge and years. My letter
will find you, I suppose, meditating new lectures for
your London disciples. May love and truth inspire
them. I can see easily that my predictions are com-
ing to pass, and that having waited until your Fame
was in the flood-tide we shall not now see you at all
on western shores. Our saintly Dr. Tuckerman, I am
told, had a letter within a year from Lord Byron's
daughter, informing the good man of the appearance
of a certain wonderful genius in London named
Thomas Carlyle, and all his astonishing workings on
her own and her friends' brains-and him the very
monster whom the doctor had been honouring with
his best dread and consternation these five years.
But do come in one of Mr. Cunard's ships as soon as
the booksellers have made you rich. If they fail to
do so, come and read lectures which the Yankees will
pay for. Give my love and hope and perpetual re-
membrance to your wife, and my wife's also, who
bears her in her kindest heart, and who resolves every
now and then to write to her, that she may thank

her for the beautiful Guido.

You told me to send you no more accounts. But

I certainly shall, as our financial relations are grown
more complex, and I wish at least to relieve myself
of this unwonted burden of booksellers' accounts
and long delays, by sharing them. I have had one
of their estimates by me a year, waiting to send.
Farewell.
R. W. E.

SALES.

THE sale of the first portion of the Hamilton-
Beckford Library was concluded at the rooms
of Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge on
Thursday, and the prices paid for the work of

eminent binders continued to be enormous.
Having in former numbers noticed the first ten
days' sale of Mr. Beckford's library, we proceed
to mention the choicer articles knocked down on
the eleventh and twelfth days, and the prices
realized. The principal attraction of the eleventh
day was a copy of the 'Iconographie' of Van Dyck,
in all probability the finest, and certainly the most
complete, ever offered for sale. The impressions
of the portraits were brilliant, and many of them
in three and four states, especially his own exces-
sively rare etchings, that of Vander Wauwer in
the first state being, as we have before men-
tioned, finer than Mr. Bale's, which has always
been considered unique, and was purchased by
Baron E. de Rothschild for 450l. This collection
was eagerly contested, the first bidding being
one thousand guineas, the second fifteen hundred
guineas, gradually rising by fifty pounds in suc-
cession, until knocked down to Mr. Thibaudeau
(it is understood for Baron Edward de Roth-
schild) at 2,850l. Amongst other choice articles
were the following: Dunker's Vignettes et
Culs de Lampes pour l'Heptameron, 281. 10s.
Du Noyer, Lettres Historiques, Madame de Pom-
padour's copy, bound by Derome, 36l. Dupleix,
Mémoires des Gaules, the dedication copy to
Louis XIII., 1907. Du Puy, Histoire des
Favoris, bound by Derome, 231. Dürer's En-
gravings, 1857.; Passio Christi, the quarto wood-
and another without, 41.
cuts, with artist's autograph inscription, 51.;
Du Somerard, Arts
du Moyen Age, 1267. Dutch Etchings, 701.
Du Val, Rosa-Hispani-Anglica, with the rare
frontispiece by Hollar, a presentation copy to
the famous Duke, then Marquis, of Buckingham,
with his arms on binding, 25l. Duvet, Apocalypse
Figurée, 231. Dyalogus Creaturarum Optime
Moralizatus, with curious woodcuts, 581.
Edwards's Drawings of British Birds, 100%.
Description de l'Egypte, 591. Elizabeth I. of
Russia, her Coronation, the dedication copy to
the Czarina, 291. 10s. Entrée de Charles IX.
en Paris, De Thou's copy, 801., having sold in
the Sauvageot sale for 155 francs. Erasmi Para-
phrases, bound by Desseuil, 271. 10s. Euripides,
I left my wife, and boy, and girl - the softest, grace-
Cura Canteri, De Thou's copy, 781. European
Magazine, with manuscript notes by Mr. Beckford,
fullest little maiden alive, creeping like a turtle
39. Eutropius et Paulus Diaconus, Paris, 1560, a
a week ago. The boy has two deep wells for eyes,
beautiful specimen of the library of Marguerite
de Valois, in common condition repeatedly
they say, has no such depth of orb, but I believe I
sold alous, 100, shillings. Everdingen's Views,
love her better than ever I did the boy. I brought
My mother with me here to spend the summer with
Fabritii Proverbi, 34., sold in Hib-
William E- and his wife and ruddy boy of four
bert's sale for 24l. 10s. Faithorne's Portraits,
721. Fénélon, Avantures de Télémaque, first
years. All edition, giving the whole of the author's manu-

Did I tell you that we hope shortly to send you vivacious friend Margaret Fuller is to edit a journal some American verses and prose of good intent? My whose first number she promises for 1 July next, which I think will be written with a good will if written at all. I saw some poetical fragments givet charmed me, if only the writer consents to them to the public.

I believe I have yet little to tell you of myself.

on the Present Age. They are attended by 450 to
50 people, and the young people are so attentive
and out of the hall ask me so many questions, that
I assume all the airs of age and sapience. I am

to a dozen Persons who teach me to hope and ex-
pect everything from my countrymen.
have many Richmonds in the field presently. I
We shall
turn my face homeward to-morrow, and this summer
I mean to resume my endeavour to make some
presentable book of Essays out of my mountain of

35l. 10s.

script, printed in 1717, bound by Boyer, 85l.; the edition of Amsterdam, 1734, with the suppressed__Examen de Conscience, Vie, &c.,

581. 10s.

Fêtes pour le Mariage du Dauphin, bound by Padeloup for Louis XV., 60l. Fian the Sorcerer, 60l., purchased for 61. 6s. in the sale of G. Steevens, who quotes it frequently in his notes to 'Macbeth.' Fielding's Works, bound by Staggemeier, 341. Filholii Sacra Regum Historia, from the library of Marguerite de Valois, 657. Flamen, Paisages, Emblemes, Figures des Oyseaux et Poissons, 821. 2s. 6d. Flaminii Psalmorum Expositio, from the library of the poet Desportes, 34. Flandin, Voyages en Verse, 31. Florentinum Museum, 51. Flores, Aurelio et Isabelle, the 1555 edition, bound by Boyer for Count Hoym, 30l. 10s. Florus, printed by Elzevir, 1631, Count Hoym's copy, 48l. 10s. Folengii Opus Macaronicorum, Count Hoym's copy, 71.; another copy with autograph, "Grolierii et Amicorum," 25l. 10s. Fontenelle, Euvres, three volumes, large paper, bound by Derome, 321. Fonthill and Hafod, views, 401. Foreign Portraits, by Visscher, &c., 100l. Fowler's Mosaic Pavements, 341. Fouquet, Defenses, Archbishop Colbert's copy, with his arms as Abbé of Bec, 291. A collection of thirty-six Maps, executed for Henry IV., and bound for him by Clovis Eve, 3751. Franchini, Poemata, from the libraries of Grolier, De Thou, and Marquis de Menars, 2301. Franeau, Jardin d'Hyvers, De Thou's copy, 281. Frobisher's Three Voyages, with two rare maps, 300l. Froissart's Chronicles, translated by Col. Johnes, 261. Fuller's Worthies, with index (reprint), 32l. 10s., having been bought in at the Fonthill sale for 171. 5s., &c. The twelve days' sale comprised only 3,197 lots, and realized 31,516l. 5s.

The sale of the third portion of the Sunderland Library commenced at Messrs. Puttick & Simpson's on Monday last. The following are some of the most important prices obtained during the first three days of the sale: Gorges (Jardin), America painted to the Life, 4 parts complete, small 4to. 1659, 42l. Lydgate's Siege of Troye, R. Pynson, 1513 (bound with Gower's De Confessio Amantis, T. Berthelet, 1532), 145l. Gregorius IX., Decretales (with arms of Louis XIII.), printed by P. Schoeffer, 1473, 301. Gruterus, Inscriptiones Antiquæ, 2 vols., crimson morocco, Amsterdam, 1707, 21. Jacques de Guesle, Les Remonstrances, large paper, bound in old red morocco, Paris, 1611, 21. Coustumes d'Orleans, printed upon vellum, and bound in old morocco, Orleans, 1583, 75l. S. Hieronymi Epistolæ et Tractatus, 2 vols., old morocco, Roma, Sweynheym et Pannartz, 1468, 501. Higden's Polycronycon (imperfect), Southwark, P. Treveris, 1527, 25l. 10s. Homeri Opera Omnia Græcè, editio princeps, 2 vols., old morocco, Florent. B. et N. Nerliorum, 1488, 481. Homeri Opera Græcè, a fine specimen of contemporary Venetian morocco binding, Venet. Aldus, 1524, 501. The Horaces took up nearly the whole of Thursday's sale, many of the minor editions producing from 21. up to 15l. Horatius, Sermones, 1470, 811., 291.; Opera cum Comment. Acronis et Porphyrionis, 2 vols. mor., Mediol. Ant. Zarotus, 1474, 201.; Landinus, Comment. in Horatium, editio princeps, printed upon vellum, 150l.; Opera, the first Aldine edition, in contemporary morocco of a chaste Italian design, small 8vo., Venet., 1501, 921.; second Aldine edition, old morocco, 8vo., Venet., 1509, 19l. 10s.; Poemata, first Giunta edition, in contemporary morocco, 8vo., 1514, 18. 10s.; Poemata, fourth Aldine edition, old morocco, Venet., 1527, 15l.; Opera, Elzevir edition of 1629, complete, Svo., Ludg. Bat., 1629, 101. 10s.; Opera, Pine's first edition, 2 vols., uncut, 8vo., 1733-37, 391.; De Arte Poetica, 4to., impensis Petri Os de Breda, s.a. et l. (16 11. only), 221. 10s.; Epistolæ, lit. goth., printed on vellum, and the first book printed in Caen by J. Durandus in 1480, 2901. The total of the day's sale was over 1,000l.